{"id":13613,"date":"2009-04-20T19:19:00","date_gmt":"2009-04-21T02:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.philosophyforchildren.org\/moral-philosophy-and-the-holocaust-blog-series-part-iv\/"},"modified":"2009-04-20T19:19:00","modified_gmt":"2009-04-21T02:19:00","slug":"moral-philosophy-and-the-holocaust-blog-series-part-iv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/plato-philosophy.org\/moral-philosophy-and-the-holocaust-blog-series-part-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"Moral Philosophy and the Holocaust: Blog Series Part IV"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/_I-bvyBpij2c\/Se4Axf6srEI\/AAAAAAAAAN4\/odEpNXw851g\/s1600-h\/obedience.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327196259607161922\" style=\"FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 100px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 100px\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/_I-bvyBpij2c\/Se4Axf6srEI\/AAAAAAAAAN4\/odEpNXw851g\/s400\/obedience.png\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div>Why do people obey authority even when they sense that what they&#8217;re doing is wrong? Central to the conditions that allowed the Holocaust to occur was people&#8217;s tendencies to conform to the situations in which they find themselves.<\/p>\n<p>In this class we watch a clip from the film <em>Obedience<\/em>, which documents the Milgram experiments. In the 1960s Stanley Milgram, a professor at Yale University, decided to create an experiment to see how far people would go in situations in which they are ordered to inflict increasing pain on a protesting victim. Milgram wanted to see when a person would refuse to obey the experimenter.<\/p>\n<p>The subjects of these experiments were told that the experiments were testing how learning is affected by punishment. Labeled the \u201cteacher,\u201d the subject watched as the \u201clearner\u201d (who, unknown to the &#8220;teacher,&#8221; was part of Milgram&#8217;s team) was strapped into a chair with an electrode attached to each wrist. The \u201clearner\u201d was then told to memorize word pairs for a test and warned that wrong answers would result in electric shocks. Each teacher was taken to a separate room and seated before a \u201cshock generator\u201d with switches ranging from 15 volts labeled \u201cslight shock\u201d to 450 volts labeled \u201cdanger \u2013 severe shock.\u201d Each \u201cteacher\u201d was told to administer a \u201cshock\u201d for each wrong answer, with shocks increasing by fifteen volts every time the \u201clearner\u201d responded incorrectly. The shocks were not real, but the \u201cteachers\u201d thought they were.<\/p>\n<p>Before the experiment began, Milgram imagined that most volunteer subjects would refuse to give electric shocks of more than 150 volts, the point at which the learner starts to yell and complain of heart pain. A group of psychologists and psychiatrists predicted that slightly more than one-tenth of 1 percent of the volunteers (so 1 out of 1,000 people) would administer all 450 volts. However, more than 80% of people continued to administer shocks after reaching 150 volts, and more than 50% of the \u201cteachers\u201d gave the full 450 volts!<\/p>\n<p>This film is always a surprise for most of the students. They are surprised by the numbers of people who obey the experimenter, even when it is clear that the subjects are troubled by what they are doing. We had small group discussions for about 20 minutes after the film, and then came back together for a large group discussion. The students were interested in examining the question of responsibility, and what responsibility the person who is inflicting the pain bears versus the responsibility of the person ordering the acts. They quickly made the connection to the Holocaust and all of the people who did not defy the edicts of the Hitler and the Nazis. We talked about whether a person is ever morally obligated to defy authority, and what it is about human beings that results in such widespread conformity. <\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why do people obey authority even when they sense that what they&#8217;re doing is wrong? Central to the conditions that allowed the Holocaust to occur was people&#8217;s tendencies to conform to the situations in which they find themselves. In this class we watch a clip from the film Obedience, which documents the Milgram experiments. In <a href=\"https:\/\/plato-philosophy.org\/moral-philosophy-and-the-holocaust-blog-series-part-iv\/\" class=\"more-link\">&#8230;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Moral Philosophy and the Holocaust: Blog Series Part IV<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12942,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[218,200,195],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-series","category-moral-philosophy","category-wondering-aloud"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Moral Philosophy and the Holocaust: Blog Series Part IV - PLATO - Philosophy Learning and Teaching Organization<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Moral Philosophy and the Holocaust: Blog Series Part IV - 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